Bernardo(),Fox(),FoxandThompson(),andNugsamee()presentfulldiscussiononthefunctionsofEnglishrestrictiverelativeclauses(RRC,hereafter).TheirfindingsshowthattherearetwomainfunctionsofRestrictiveRelativeClauses:groundinganddescription.IftheinformationcodedinaRRChasalreadybeenknowntothehearer/reader,theRRCisusedtogroundthereferentandhelpthelistener/readeridentifythereferentmentionedinthepreviousdiscourse.RestrictiveRelativeClausesofthiskindservegroundingfunction.Or,itmaymakeassertionaboutitsheadNPandprovidenewinformationforthenewly-introducedheadNP.RestrictiveRelativeClausesofthiskindperformdescriptionfunction.AsfarasthegroundingfunctionofRestrictiveRelativeClausesisconcerned,Givon(,)providesmoredetaileddiscussiononthisfunction.Givon()definesrelativeclausesas“subordinateclausesthatareembedded,asnounmodifiers,insideanounphrase”andhealsopointsoutthat“theyarepartofthegrammarofreferentialidentification”(p.).Toputitanotherway,theyareusedingroundingheadnounstotheknowledge-basethatisalreadyinthemindofthehearer.ThespeakerassumesthattheinformationcodedinaRRCisfamiliaroraccessibletothehearer,sothepropositioncorrespondingtothatsituationoreventintheRRCispragmaticallypresupposed.
AccordingtoGivon,thepresupposedsourcesarepastexperience,speechsituationperceivedbybothparticipants,lexical-genericknowledgeandepisodic-text,asthefollowingexamplesillustrate.[6]
(1)a.pastexperiencegroundingThewomanwhoyoumetlastyearcametovisityou.
b.speechsituationgroundingThewomansittingattheendofthebarismysister.
c.lexical-genericknowledgegroundingThemanwhomarriedmymotherisacrook.
d.episodic-textgroundingThewomanImentionedfirstisgoingoutwithmetonight.
GivonnotesthatdefinitegivenNPsmaybegroundedtothesefourdistinctpresupposedsources.In(1a),thespeakerassumesthatthepasteventcodedintheRRCyoumetthemanlastyearisfamiliartothehearerandthuscanbeusedtolaunchananaphoricreferentsearch.In(1b),groundingthereferentthewomantothecurrentspeechsituationisachievedbythespeaker’sassumptionthatthehearernoticedthewomanattheendofbareitheronthehearer’ownorduetothespeaker’sintervention.Inaddition,EnglishRestrictiveRelativeClausesmaypartakeingroundingreferentstogenericknowledge.Asshownin(1c),thereferentthemanisgroundedtothegenericknowledgesuppliedbytheRRC:Thespeakerhasamotherandshemarriesaman.Finally,in(1d),thereferentthewomanisgroundedbyreferringitbacktothepreviousepisodeofthecurrenttext.
同样，福克斯（年，年）的有关条款声称，可以提供一个链接，通过一个指涉的话语将其引入其中。
Likewise,Fox(,)claimsthatrelativeclausescanprovidealinkviaareferentthathasalreadybeenintroducedintothediscourse.ThereferentcanthusbeusedtogroundtheheadNPs.Considerthefollowingexamples.
我们这里有语言学功能的人实在是太多了。
(2)ThismanwhoIhaveforlinguisticsisreallytoomuch.
他们已经摆脱了Kuleznik了吗？
(3)B:DidtheygetridofKuleznikyet?
A:NoinfactIknowsomebodywhohashernow.
“I”inexample(2),agivenreferentinthespeechcontext,servesasananchortogroundthenewheadNP,thisman.Also,herinexample(4)servesthefunctionoflinkingthecurrentutterancetotheprecedingdiscourse.ThegivenobjectherintherelativeclauseservesasthebridgeandthusgroundtheheadNP.Fromexamples(1),(2),and(3),itisclearthatEnglishRestrictiveRelativeClausescanbeusedtogroundtheirheadNPs.
FoxandThompson()furtherdistinguishthetypesofgrounding.TheyproposethreecentralkindsofgroundingtoelaborateonhowrelativeclausesmaketheirheadNPsarelevantpartinthewholediscourse.ThefirstiswhatPrince(:)hascalledanchoring:“adiscourseentityisanchorediftheNPrepresentingitislinked,bymeansofanotherNP,or“Anchor”,properlycontainedinit,tosomeotherdiscourseentity”.Shegivesanexampletoillustratethistypeofanchoring.
(4)AguyIworkwithsaysheknowsyoursister.(Prince,:)
In(4),I,agivenreferentinthespeechcontext,intherelativeclauseservesasananchortolinkthenewdiscourseentityaguy.ItthusmakestheheadNPrelevanttothewholediscourse.
Thesecondkindofgroundingisproposition-linking,wherebyanewreferentislinkedbyvirtueoftheschemaorframeevokedinthepreviousdiscourse.Considertext(5).
(5)Themother’ssisterisarealbigot.Y’knowandshehatesanyonewhoisn’taCatholic.(FoxandThompson,:)
Inthisexample,theentireNPanyonewhoisn’taCatholicisgroundedbyitsassociationtothepreviouspropositioncharacterizing‘mother’ssisterasabigot’.Therefore,theinformationstatedintheRRCservesproposition-linkinggroundingfunction.
Thethirdkindofgroundingisdonebymainclausesinsteadofrelativeclauses.AccordingtoFoxandThompson,relativeclausesofthiskindprovidenogrounding;thatis,itdoesnotrelateaheadNPtoanygivenreferentintherelativeclause.Instead,thenewreferentisgroundedbythegivenentityinthemainclauseinsteadofbeingmaderelevantbyagivenNPintherelativeclause.Insuchacase,theRRCisusedtoprovidenewinformationforthenewheadNP,asshownin(6).
(6)he’sgotaspringthat北京白癜风治疗好中科健康中国重要影响力人物
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